Chumash
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FOUR DIRECTIONS
INSTITUTE Chumash |
| Ethnie: | CHUMASH |
| Language: | Chumashan |
| Family: | Chumashan |
| Stock: | Western Hokan |
| Phylum: | Hokan |
| Macro-Culture: | Chungichnich |
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| The Chumash were a California language group comprised of several tribes. The four to seven dialects of the language may have been different enough to be considered separate languages themselves. Most of the Chumash cultures were maritime, others were inland hunter/gatherers. They were located in the three northern Santa Barbara islands, along the coast from Malibu Canyon north to Estero Beach, and inland as far as the ridge of the coastal range. The Chumash entire rich culture was destroyed early by Spanish missionization and, later, Mexican overlords. They tried one feeble revolt in 1824. Considerable unrecognized populations exist today in parts of their aboriginal territory. Whether the Chumash language is part of the Hokan language phylum or is an isolate is in dispute. Some believe it to be an isolate. |
| Aboriginal Locations |
| Aguin, Alloc, Alwatalam, Anacbuc, Anacot, Antap, Asimu, Awawilashmu, Bis, Caacat, Casalic, Ciucut, Coloc, Elhiman, Elquis, Garomisopona, Gua, Hueneme, Honmoyanshu, Huasna, Huya, Incpupu, Kachyoyukuch, Kamupau, Kinapuich', Kulalama, Lapau, Liquimuymu, Limu, Lompoc, Mahalal, Malibu, Micoma, Mishtapalwa, Misinagua, Misesopano, Mismatuk, Mugu, Mupu, Nacbuc, Nicalque, Nocos, Olesino, Opia, Paltocac, Partotac, Pismo, Potoluc, Quanmu, Quelqueme, Quiman, Shtekolo, Skonin, Sopono, Susuquey, Takuyo, Tashlipunau, Tenenam Tishlini, Tocane, Tokin, Tucumu, Upop, Xabaaqua, Xagua, Xexo, Xotococ, Xucu, Yutum |
| Present Locations |
| SANTA YNEZ RESERVATION, Santa Ynez |
| Groups with Recognition Petitions |
| COASTAL BAND OF CHUMASH INDIANS, Santa Barbara |
| Year | History |
| 1542 | Encountered by Cabrillo and Ferrelo |
| 1602 | Visited by Viscaino |
| 1769 | Portola passed through territory |
| 1772 | Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolusa established |
| 1782 | Missions San Buenaventura and Santa Barbara established |
| 1787 | Mission La Purisma Concepción established |
| 1801 | Secretly began returns to native religions |
| 1802 | Pneumonia and diphtheria epidemics |
| 1804 | Mission Santa Inez established |
| 1806 | Measles epidemic |
| 1821 | Most of tribe indentured to Mexican feudal barons |
| 1824 | La Purisma Revolt, relatively feeble |
| 1844 | Epidemic wiped out Purisma group |
| 1848 | Woman rescued from San Nicolas Island and brought to Santa Barbara Mission after being stranded for 18 years |
| 1855 | 109 settled at Zanja de Cota Reservation |
| Year | Population | Source |
| 1700 | 10,000 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1780 | 10,000 | Kroeber estimate |
| 1800 | 9,000 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1831 | 2,788 | Registered at missions |
| 1832 | 2,471 | Cook estimate |
| 1848 | 1,150 | Cook estimate |
| 1852 | 1,050 | Cook estimate |
| 1865 | 659 | Cook estimate |
| 1880 | 200 | Cook estimate |
| 1900 | 100 | NAHDB calculation |
| 1910 | 38 | Census |
| 1920 | 74 | Cook estimate |
| 1930 | 14 | Census |
| 1974 | 40 | Reservation population |
| 1989 | 223 | BIA estimate |
| 2000 | 1,500 | NAHDB calculation |
| Copyright © 2000 by Four Directions Institute |